Different aspects of liver health

Understanding Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E

An estimated 300 million people are living with hepatitis B and hepatitis C worldwide, and 6000 people are newly infected with viral hepatitis each day.
By the team at Speedoc,
 
July 31, 2024

Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections and it is a health condition that affects millions worldwide. However, many people remain undiagnosed, and even when hepatitis is diagnosed, the number of people receiving treatment remains incredibly low.

The condition can range from mild to severe and, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Effective management of hepatitis requires a clear understanding of its types, the importance of early detection, symptom recognition, as well as available treatments. This guide aims to provide a thorough overview of these aspects to help you navigate the complexities of managing hepatitis.

Types of hepatitis

Hepatitis is categorised primarily into five types, each caused by different viruses or factors:

Hepatitis A (HAV)

Cause: Contaminated food or water.

Transmission: Faecal-oral route.

Duration: Often acute and resolves on its own, though a vaccine is available for prevention.

Hepatitis B (HBV)

Cause: Contact with infectious body fluids.

Transmission: Blood, sexual contact, and from mother to baby during birth.

Duration: Can be acute or chronic. Chronic HBV can lead to long-term liver issues.

Hepatitis C (HCV)

Cause: Primarily through blood-to-blood contact.

Transmission: Shared needles, blood transfusions (especially before widespread screening), and other blood exposure.

Duration: Often becomes chronic and can lead to severe liver damage.

Hepatitis D (HDV)

Cause: Occurs only in those infected with HBV.

Transmission: Similar to HBV, through blood and body fluids.

Duration: Can cause more severe liver disease when co-infected with HBV.

Hepatitis E (HEV)

Cause: Contaminated drinking water.

Transmission: Faecal-oral route.

Duration: Typically acute, but can be severe in pregnant women.

    Why early detection is crucial

    Early detection of hepatitis is critical for several reasons:

    • Prevention of progression: Identifying the infection early can prevent the progression to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

    • Effective management: Early diagnosis allows for timely intervention with medications or lifestyle changes, potentially improving long-term outcomes.

    • Reduction of transmission: Early detection and treatment reduces the risk of spreading the virus to others, especially in cases like Hepatitis B and C.

    • Improved quality of life: Managing hepatitis early helps in maintaining better liver function and overall health.

      Symptoms of hepatitis

      The symptoms of hepatitis can vary depending on the type and stage of the infection. Some people, particularly those with chronic hepatitis, may not experience any symptoms until the liver is significantly damaged.

      Common symptoms include:

      • Fatigue
      • Dark urine

      • Loss of appetite

      • Abdominal pain

      • Light-coloured stool

      • Nausea and vomiting

      • Jaundice, yellowing of the skin and eyes.

        Types of treaments

        Hepatitis A: Usually supportive care, including rest and hydration. The disease often resolves on its own. Hepatitis A vaccine is available for prevention.

        Hepatitis B: May include antiviral medications to suppress the virus. Hepatitis B vaccine is available for prevention.

        Hepatitis C: Direct-acting antiviral medications can cure most cases of Hepatitis C. Treatment regimens typically last 8 to 12 weeks and have high cure rates.

        Hepatitis D: Managing Hepatitis D involves treating the underlying Hepatitis B. Pegylated interferon is sometimes used to manage both infections, though it may not be effective for all patients.

        Hepatitis E: Often resolves on its own without specific treatment. In severe cases, especially during pregnancy, antiviral medications may be used.

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          Managing hepatitis

          Effective management of hepatitis includes:

          • Regular monitoring: Regular liver function tests and follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring the disease and treatment progress.

          • Lifestyle changes: Avoiding alcohol, maintaining a healthy diet, and regular exercise can help manage liver health.

          • Vaccinations: For hepatitis A and B, vaccines are available and recommended for at-risk populations.

          • Education and awareness: Understanding how to prevent transmission and recognising the signs of the disease are key components of effective management.

          Managing hepatitis involves a combination of early detection, understanding the type of hepatitis, recognizing symptoms, and adhering to appropriate treatments. By staying informed and proactive, individuals with hepatitis can effectively manage their condition and maintain a good quality of life. Regular medical care and lifestyle adjustments are essential in navigating the challenges of hepatitis and ensuring long-term health.