Clearing the Air: Understanding Lung Cancer from Causes to Cures
Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in males and females in Singapore. In this article, we'll explore the causes of lung cancer, offer tips on how to reduce your risk and discuss the symptoms and treatments available today.
What Causes Lung Cancer?
Lung cancer is broadly classified into two main types based on the appearance of cancer cells under a microscope and how the cancer behaves- Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Each of these types has distinct characteristics and treatment approaches.
Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells in the lungs begin to grow uncontrollably, forming tumours. The exact cause of lung cancer can vary, but several key factors are known to increase the risk:
Tobacco smoke: The leading cause of lung cancer is smoking. The risk of having lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked as well as the duration. Passive (second hand) smokers also have a heightened risk of developing lung cancer by about 30%.
Environmental pollution: Long-term exposure to air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter, can contribute to the risk of developing lung cancer. Areas with high levels of industrial emissions or vehicular exhaust are particularly concerning.
Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals: Certain professions expose workers to carcinogens like asbestos, arsenic, radon and diesel fumes, all of which can increase the likelihood of lung cancer.
Genetic factors: While less common, a family history of lung cancer or specific genetic mutations can elevate risk.
Age: Lung cancer is more common in people above the age of 40.
Prevention Tips
While not all lung cancer cases can be prevented, several strategies can significantly reduce your risk.
Quit smoking: The most effective way to lower your risk is to avoid smoking or to quit if you currently smoke. Seek support from smoking cessation programs, counselling, or medications if needed.
Avoid secondhand smoke: Ensure that you and your family are not exposed to secondhand smoke. Advocate for smoke-free environments at home and in public places.
Minimise exposure to carcinogens: If you work in an industry with exposure to carcinogens, follow safety guidelines and use protective equipment. Employers should provide proper safety measures to minimise risks.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, regular physical activity, and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption can support overall health and reduce cancer risk.
Symptoms of Lung Cancer
Early-stage lung cancer may not present any symptoms, which can make it difficult to detect until the disease has progressed. Common symptoms to be aware of include:
Chest pain
Chronic fatigue
Persistent cough
Coughing up blood
Shortness of breath
Unexplained weight loss
Treatments for Lung Cancer
Treatment for lung cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the type of lung cancer, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:
Surgery
For localised cancers, surgery may involve removing part or all of a lung. The goal is to remove the tumour and some surrounding tissue.
Radiation therapy
This uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is often used when surgery isn’t an option or to reduce the size of a tumour before surgery.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It’s often used for more advanced stages of lung cancer or when the cancer has spread.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognize and fight cancer cells more effectively. It is used for some types of lung cancer and can be part of a broader treatment plan.
Palliative care
For advanced cancer, palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life by managing symptoms and providing support.
Lung cancer is a serious disease with significant health implications, but understanding its causes, practising preventive measures, and recognizing symptoms early can make a significant difference. Advances in treatment continue to offer hope, and with ongoing research and awareness, the outlook for those diagnosed with lung cancer is improving. If you’re concerned about your risk or symptoms, consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice and potential screenings. Early detection and intervention are key to improving outcomes and managing this disease.
